of
the
department of biological sciences
biology 51- microbiology of health and disease
syllabus and course outline
fall 2005- summer 2006
professor loretta
Brancaccio
course coordinator
(718) 368-4796
Ltaras@kbcc.cuny.edu
Course Information
Bio 51 is a one semester 4 credit, 6 hour course required for nursing students and students enrolled in the pre-physician assistant concentration.
This course does not fulfill the requirements for Biology majors.
Prerequisites: successful completion of Bio 12
Science 25 (required for nursing students only)
Corequisites: For nursing students only, Bio 51 must be taken before or with Nursing 21. Nursing students cannot continue in Nursing 21 if they withdraw from Bio 51.
Course Overview
Ø Major diseases caused by microorganisms are considered. These include: HIV opportunistic and nosocomial infections, tuberculosis, hepatitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases, and water and foodborne diseases.
Ø The course has direct application to medical surgical nursing.
Ø Universal precautions, asepsis, and control of microbial growth are emphasized.
Ø Immune responses to infections are discussed.
Ø Your knowledge of anatomy and physiology will be applied to understand the effects of microbial infections on various organs systems. If you are unsure of any of the anatomy and physiology principles being discussed, please review them or meet with your instructor.
Course Goals for Student Outcomes
1. Apply the concept of asepsis and its applications to laboratory
procedures, hospitals, and medical practices.
2. Employ basic principles of microbial anatomy and physiology to microbial virulence, pathogenicity, and disease establishment.
3. Identify the factors affecting microbial virulence and the responses by the host’s defense mechanisms.
4. Determine properties of microorganisms through staining and biochemical
testing that can be used for diagnostic microbial identification.
5. Recognize the signs and symptoms of particular disease and decisions
involved in determining antibiotic therapy.
Recommendations to Students
Ø Read assigned lecture and laboratory material before coming to class.
Ø Ask questions and meet your instructor during office hours to clarify any questions you may have.
Ø Attendance to class is essential. If you do miss class you are responsible for making up the missed work.
Ø Plan your work and study time. Read over or perhaps rewrite your notes after class. Read the text to supplement your notes. Discuss the material with your fellow colleagues. Form study groups.
Ø Best wishes for your success in the course. If you have any questions, please feel free to meet with your instructor.
Grade computation: Lecture and laboratory are each 50% of the final grade.
Lecture Laboratory
Examinations- 20% Examinations- 20%
Writing assignment- 10% Clinical unknowns- 15%
Final examination- 20% Practicals- 10 %
Technique/classwork- 5%
Required Textbook and Laboratory Manual
Black, J.G. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations. 6th edition (2005) John Wiley & Sons
Benathen, I.A. Microbiology with Health Care Applications. 2nd edition (2001)
Star Publications.
OR
Brancaccio Taras,
L. and Muzio, J.N. Laboratory Exercies in Microbiology.
1st edition (2002) Whitter Publications:
**Special requirement: Each student is required to purchase a knee length laboratory coat. This requirement conforms to the Federal law. This coat must be warned at all times in the microbiology laboratory. You will not be able to remain in the laboratory without the coat. After each week, the lab coat should be washed.
Recommended book: Gladwin, M. and Trattler, B. Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple Medmaster, Inc.
BIO 51 LECTURE OUTLINE
Week 1: introduction and history of microbiology
Organisms studied in microbiology (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
The nature microbiological problems
The history of microbiology
Reading Assignment- Chapter 1 p. 1-26; Chapter 10 p. 265-271 & p. 278-292;
Chapter 11 p. 301-314
WEEK 2: BACTERIAL ANATOMY
Bacterial shapes and arrangements
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Glycocalyx
Endospores
Flagella
Cytoplasmic inclusions
Cytoplasmic structures/organelles
Reading Assignment- Chapter 2: p. 68-72; Chapter 4 p. 76-95;
Chapter 6 p. 158-159 (Review of eukaryotic organelles Chapter 4 p. 95-101)
WEEK 3: BACTERIAL GENETIC TRANSFER AND GROWTH
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Significance of genetic transfer
Bacterial cell division
Bacterial growth curve
Reading Assignment- Chapter 8 p. 205-216; Chapter 6 p. 142-158 & p. 160-166
WEEKS 4 & 5: BACTERIAL METABOLISM
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation and types of fermentation
Use of metabolic properties to identify microorganisms
Industrial uses for microbial metabolism- food, antibiotic, and enzyme production
Reading Assignment- Chapter 5 p. 112-132
WEEKS 5 & 6: immunology
Normal flora, transient flora opportunistic microbes
Pathogenicity, virulence, and factors that increase virulence (enzymes, toxins)
Factors that affect the spread of disease
Nonspecific immune responses
Specific immune responses: humoral and cell mediated immunity
Vaccines
Reading Assignment- Chapter 14 p. 385-410; Chapter 15 p. 411-445; Chapter 16 p. 446-469; Chapter 17 p. 470-506
Weeks 7 & 8: bacterial diseases
Bacterial diseases of the skin:
Folliculitis
Boils
Furuncles
Carbuncles
Pyoderma
Impetigo
Cellulitis
Upper respiratory infections:
Group A streptococci and its complications (rheumatic fever,
glomerulonephritis)
Diptheria
Otitis media
Sinusitis
Conjunctivitis
Lower respiratory infections:
Bacterial pneumonia
Pertussis
Tuberculosis
Legionnaire’s disease
Gastrointestional infections:
Dental caries
Cholera
Bacterial dysentery
Chronic Gastritis
Peptic ulcers
Weeks 7 & 8: bacterial diseases (continued)
Food poisonings
Genitourinary tract infections:
Urinary tract infections
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Syphilis
Chancroid
Gonorrhea
Nervous system infections:
Meningitis
Lyme disease
Wound infections:
Infections of burns and surgical wounds
Tetanus
Gangrene
Blood and lymphatic infections:
Bacteremia and septicemia
Acute and subacute endocarditis
Plague
Reading Assignment- Chapter 19 p. 551, 552-554, 565, 568-569; Chapter 20 p. 581-583, 585, 587-595; Chapter 21 p. 613-615, 618-621, 622-626; Chapter 22 p. 646-649, 651-661; Chapter 23 p. 684-685, 686-687, 693-695, 699-700, Chapter 24 p. 721-723, 731-734
Week 9: Atypical bacteria & diseases they cause
Characteristics of riskettsia, Chlamydia, and mycoplasma
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Ornithosis
Nongonococcal urethritis
Trachoma
Mycoplamsal pneumonia
Reading Assignment- Chapter 9 p. 257-258; Chapter 19 p. 566;
Chapter 20 p. 595-596; Chapter 21 p. 621, 627
Weeks 9 & 10: fungi and the diseases they cause
Characteristics and classification of fungi
Dermatophyte infections (tinea infections)
Candidiasis
Pneomocystis pneumonia
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Mycotoxicoses (A. flavus and C. purpurea)
Reading Assignment- Chapter 11 p. 308-314; Chapter 19 p. 561-562; Chapter 21 p. 636; Chapter 22 p. 669-670
Week 10: protozoa and the diseases they cause
Properties and classification of protists
Amebic dysentery
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Toxoplasmosis
Trichomoniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Malaria
Reading Assignment- Chapter 11 p. 300-301, 305-308; Chapter 20 p. 586; Chapter 22 p. 667-669; Chapter 23 p. 710-703; Chapter 24 p. 739-741
WeekS 11 & 12: viruses and the diseases they cause
Properties and classification of viruses
Skin infections:
Chicken pox and shingles
Measles
German measles
Roseola
Warts (HPV)
Upper and lower respiratory infections:
Herpes simplex (HSV) of the oral mucosa
Mumps
Common cold
Influenza
Pneumonia
WeekS 11 & 12: viruses and the diseases they cause (continued)
Gastrointestinal infections:
Hepatitis A-E
Rotavirus (Viral enteritis)
Genitourinary infections
Genital herpes (HSV)
Genital warts (HPV)
Nervous system infections:
Encephalitis
Polio
Rabies
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Blood and lymphatic system infections:
Mononucleosis
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Emerging Viral Diseases:
Ebola virus
Hanta virus
Prions (mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
Reading Assignment- Chapter 10 p. 264-278, 283-292; Chapter 18 p. 530-535; Chapter 19 p. 554-557, 559-560, Chapter 20 p. 598-601, 602-604;
Chapter 21 p. 615-618, 628-635; Chapter 22 p. 649-650, 663-667;
Chapter 23 p. 706-708; Chapter 24 p. 723-728, 734-739
OBJECTIVES
The objectives listed can be used as guidelines for studying each topic discussed in the course.
Introduction and History of Microbiology
1. Describe in one or two sentences the significance of the contributions
of the following scientists to the field of microbiology:
(a) van Leewenhoek; (b) Pasteur; (c) Semmelweis; (d) Lister; (e)Koch;
(f) Ehrlich; and (g) Fleming.
2. Define spontaneous generation.
3. In a brief statement, describe the series of experiments disproving
spontaneous generation.
4. List 3 major concerns regarding the spread and treatment of diseases
caused by microorganisms.
Bacterial Anatomy
1. Draw and describe common bacterial shapes and their arrangements.
2. Describe the structure and function of the following: (a)cell wall;
(b) cell membrane; (c) glycocalyx; (d)endospores; (e) flagella;
(f) inclusion bodies; and (g)cytoplasmic/organelles.
3. For each of the structures mentioned in objective 2, describe how
each is involved in disease processes.
Genetic Transfer
1. Distinguish between transformation, transduction and conjugation.
2. Explain the medical significance of the 3 modes of genetic transfer
mentioned in objective 1.
Growth and Factors Affecting Growth
1. Draw and label the four phases of a typical bacterial growth curve.
2. Describe the phases of a typical bacterial growth curve.
3. List and describe four physical factors affecting microbial growth.
4. Explain why physical factors affecting growth can be used to
demonstrate the human body is an excellent environment for growth
of a variety of microorganisms.
Microbial Metabolism
1. Define the following terms: (a) fermentation; (b) aerobic respiration;
and (c) anaerobic respiration.
2. List the end products of (a) glycolysis; (b) Krebs cycle; (c) electron
transport/oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Explain how proteins and lipids are metabolized to generate ATP.
4. Explain the significance of microbial metabolism in the identification
of microorganisms.
5. List three organisms and their fermentation products used in food
production.
Immunology
1. Distinguish between contamination, infection and disease.
2. Define each of the following terms: (a) normal flora; (b) transient
flora and (c) opportunistic organisms.
3. Describe the stages and infectious disease establishment.
4. The list and describe the significance of three virulence factors.
5. List and describe the significance of five bacterial enzymes serving as
virulence factors.
6. Distinguish between exotoxins and endotoxins.
7. Distinguish between nonspecific resistance and specific resistance.
8. Distinguish between portal of entry and portal of exit.
9. List and describe three examples of nonspecific resistance.
10. Describe the stages of inflammation.
11. Describe the classical and alternate pathway of the complement
system.
12. Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell mediated
immunity.
13. Distinguish between passive immunity and active immunity.
14. Distinguish between naturally acquired immunity and artificially
acquired community.
15. Distinguish between an antibody and an antigen.
16. Describe in a series of steps antibody production.
17. Explain the immunological basis of vaccination against diseases
such as smallpox.
Major Bacterial Diseases
1. List and describe three examples of staphylococcal infections.
2. List and describe three streptococcal infections.
3. Describe three complications of streptococcal infections.
4. List and describe two eye infections caused by bacteria.
5. List two organisms found infecting skin burns.
6. Describe upper respiratory infections caused by Haemophilus
influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
7. Name of causative agent, transmission, signs and symptoms, and
treatment of the following: (a) whooping cough; (b) bacterial
pneumonia; (c) tuberculosis; and (d) Legionnaire’s disease.
8. List five bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal infections.
9. Distinguish between an intoxication and an infestation.
10. In a brief statement, describe the signs, symptoms and treatment of
Salmonella gastroenteritis.
11. Describe three bacterial systemic infections including the name of
the causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
12. Describe three bacterial nervous system infections including the
name of the causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
13. List five effects of (a)botulism and (b) tetanus on the nervous system.
14. List three bacteria causing meningitis.
15. List three bacteria causing urinary tract infections.
16. List three reasons for urinary tract infections.
17. List three major causes of wound infections.
18. Distinguish between bacteremia and septicemia.
19. Distinguish between acute endocarditis and subacute endocarditis.
Atypical Bacteria & Diseases They Cause
1. Distinguished between rickettsiae, mycoplasma, and chlamydia .
2. Define the term nongonococcal urethritis.
3. Describe two rickettsial diseases including the name of the causative
agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
4. Describe two mycoplasmal diseases including the name of the
causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
5. Describe two chlamydial diseases including the name of the causative
agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
Fungi & Diseases They Cause
1. Describe the four major groups of terrestrial fungi.
2. Distinguish between superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and
cutaneous mycoses.
3. Describe three superficial mycoses including the name of the
causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
4. Describe three respiratory mycoses including the name of the
causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
5. Describe five opportunistic fungal infections seen AIDS patients.
Include the name of the causative agent, signs and symptoms, and
treatment.
Protozoa & Diseases They Cause
1. List three properties of parasitic protozoa.
2. Describe the mode of action of three drugs used to treat protozoan
infections.
3. Describe the worldwide significance of malaria
4. Describe three protozoan infections seen in AIDS patients. Include
the name of the causative agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment.
5. Explain how toxoplasmosis can lead to congenital defects.
Viruses & Diseases They Cause
1. Describe the steps involved in viral replication.
2. Define the following terms: (a) lytic cycle; (b) lysogenic cycle; and
(c)lysogeny.
3. List two ways to cultivate viruses.
4. Define the term: cytopathic effect.
5. Describe the effects resulting from human papilloma virus infection.
6. Describe the effects resulting from rhinovirus infection.
7. Distinguish between hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D,
and hepatitis E with regard to incubation time, transmission, and
groups at greatest risk of infection.
8. Distinguish between herpes simplex virus I (HSV I) and herpes
simplex virus II (HSV II).
9. Describe the effects resulting from herpes simplex I and herpes
simplex II infection.
10. Describe the following diseases including the name of the causative
agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment: (a) rabies; (b) polio;
and (c) encephalitis.
11. Distinguish between asymptomatic carrier, HIV positive, AIDS
related complex (ARC), and full blown AIDS.
12. Describe four opportunistic viral diseases affecting AIDS patients.
Include the name of the causative agent, signs and symptoms, and
treatment.
13. Describe three childhood viral diseases including the name of the
causative agent, signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention.
14. Distinguish between prions and viroids.
15. Described the following diseases including the name of the causative
agent, signs and symptoms, and treatment (if any): (a) Ebola virus
(b) Hanta virus and (c)
BIOLOGY 51 LABORATORY
Recommendations to the student:
Ø Observe all safety precautions in the laboratory. They are for your protection.
Ø Each student is responsible for the proper safety and maintenance of their work area. Bench tops and microscopes must be properly cleaned before and after use. Microquat disinfectant is used on bench tops.
Ø Wear your laboratory coat at all times while in the microbiology laboratory.
Ø Use the additional hours scheduled to practice skills, reinforce concepts, and analyze results.
Ø Read the laboratory exercises before class and the textbook pages corresponding to the laboratory activities.
Ø If you are unsure of any of the work you are required to perform during the lab, ask your instructor.
Ø If you spill any bacterial cultures or make a mistake you think might be a potential health hazard, inform your instructor.
Ø Wash your hands with betadine before, during and after lab work.